https://robotic-industries.com/Independent engineering coverage of robot development worldwide: industrial and collaborative arms, mobile robots, humanoids, perception, actuators, safety standards and the economics behind them.en https://robotic-industries.com/industrial-robotics/calculate-robot-cycle-time/https://robotic-industries.com/industrial-robotics/calculate-robot-cycle-time/A method for estimating robot cycle time from a datasheet, with the acceleration and settling terms that vendor demos leave out, plus a worked machine tending example.Industrial Robotics https://robotic-industries.com/industrial-robotics/delta-robot-pick-rates/https://robotic-industries.com/industrial-robotics/delta-robot-pick-rates/Delta robots reach 150 to 200 picks per minute in a demo and 60 to 120 in production. Here is what removes the difference, and where a delta stops being the right machine.Industrial Robotics https://robotic-industries.com/industrial-robotics/machine-tending-cell-cost/https://robotic-industries.com/industrial-robotics/machine-tending-cell-cost/A full cost breakdown for a robotic CNC tending cell, from robot and gripper to machine interface and commissioning, with the four lines that blow up quotations.Industrial Robotics https://robotic-industries.com/industrial-robotics/palletizing-robot-throughput-rates/https://robotic-industries.com/industrial-robotics/palletizing-robot-throughput-rates/Realistic palletizing throughput by robot type, with the arithmetic behind cases per minute, why layer picking beats single picking, and where the pattern costs you cycles.Industrial Robotics https://robotic-industries.com/industrial-robotics/payload-vs-reach-robot-arms/https://robotic-industries.com/industrial-robotics/payload-vs-reach-robot-arms/Payload and reach fight each other through joint torque. Here is the arithmetic, the derating you should expect at full extension, and how to size an arm without buying twice.Industrial Robotics https://robotic-industries.com/industrial-robotics/repeatability-vs-accuracy-robots/https://robotic-industries.com/industrial-robotics/repeatability-vs-accuracy-robots/Repeatability is how tightly a robot returns to the same taught point. Accuracy is how close it gets to a commanded coordinate. The gap between them is often 20 times.Industrial Robotics https://robotic-industries.com/industrial-robotics/robot-ip-ratings-explained/https://robotic-industries.com/industrial-robotics/robot-ip-ratings-explained/What each IP digit tests, which rating a robot needs for washdown, foundry or paint work, and why a high rating on the wrist does not protect the controller.Industrial Robotics https://robotic-industries.com/industrial-robotics/scara-vs-six-axis-robot/https://robotic-industries.com/industrial-robotics/scara-vs-six-axis-robot/A SCARA beats a six-axis arm on vertical assembly by a factor of two to three on cycle time. Here is where the crossover sits and what the four-axis limitation actually costs.Industrial Robotics https://robotic-industries.com/industrial-robotics/spot-welding-vs-arc-welding-robots/https://robotic-industries.com/industrial-robotics/spot-welding-vs-arc-welding-robots/Spot welding robots carry a 60 to 120 kg gun and move in jumps. Arc welding robots carry 6 to 12 kg and must hold a path within a millimetre. Almost nothing transfers between them.Industrial Robotics https://robotic-industries.com/industrial-robotics/who-builds-industrial-robots/https://robotic-industries.com/industrial-robotics/who-builds-industrial-robots/The supplier landscape behind 542,000 annual installations: the established builders, the Chinese challengers now holding 57 percent of their home market, and who makes the parts.Industrial Robotics https://robotic-industries.com/collaborative-robots/cobot-gripper-selection-guide/https://robotic-industries.com/collaborative-robots/cobot-gripper-selection-guide/How to select a collaborative robot gripper by stroke, grip force, mass and cycle life, with the arithmetic for holding force under acceleration and the pinch-point rules that apply.Collaborative Robots https://robotic-industries.com/collaborative-robots/cobot-payload-classes-compared/https://robotic-industries.com/collaborative-robots/cobot-payload-classes-compared/Cobot payload classes explained: what 3, 5, 10, 16, 20 and 30 kg arms actually reach, weigh and cost, and why the rated payload is never the payload you get.Collaborative Robots https://robotic-industries.com/collaborative-robots/cobot-programming-methods-compared/https://robotic-industries.com/collaborative-robots/cobot-programming-methods-compared/Three ways to program a collaborative robot, measured by setup time, accuracy and where each one breaks down. Hand guiding wins under 30 waypoints, offline wins above 200.Collaborative Robots https://robotic-industries.com/collaborative-robots/cobot-risk-assessment-steps/https://robotic-industries.com/collaborative-robots/cobot-risk-assessment-steps/A working sequence for a collaborative robot risk assessment, from limits of the machinery to validated measurement, and the six omissions that come back as audit findings.Collaborative Robots https://robotic-industries.com/collaborative-robots/cobot-total-cost-first-year/https://robotic-industries.com/collaborative-robots/cobot-total-cost-first-year/The arm is a quarter of the bill. A line-by-line first-year cost model for a collaborative robot cell, including the items that surprise buyers after the quotation is signed.Collaborative Robots https://robotic-industries.com/collaborative-robots/cobot-vs-industrial-robot/https://robotic-industries.com/collaborative-robots/cobot-vs-industrial-robot/A cobot is an industrial robot. The difference sits in the risk assessment, not in the arm, and since February 2025 both are covered by the same standard.Collaborative Robots https://robotic-industries.com/collaborative-robots/fenceless-cobot-requirements/https://robotic-industries.com/collaborative-robots/fenceless-cobot-requirements/A collaborative robot may run unguarded only when the risk assessment for that specific application says so. Here are the conditions, the evidence required and the cases that always keep a fence.Collaborative Robots https://robotic-industries.com/collaborative-robots/iso-ts-15066-force-limits/https://robotic-industries.com/collaborative-robots/iso-ts-15066-force-limits/The full biomechanical limits table from ISO/TS 15066 Annex A, with force, pressure, energy and speed values by body region, and what changed when ISO 10218 absorbed it in 2025.Collaborative Robots https://robotic-industries.com/collaborative-robots/power-force-limiting-explained/https://robotic-industries.com/collaborative-robots/power-force-limiting-explained/The four collaborative operation types defined in ISO 10218, what each one permits, which hardware each needs, and why most cells end up using two of them in one cycle.Collaborative Robots https://robotic-industries.com/collaborative-robots/why-cobots-run-slower/https://robotic-industries.com/collaborative-robots/why-cobots-run-slower/Collaborative operation caps tool speed by body region and effective mass. Here is the arithmetic, the throughput you give away, and when a fence is simply cheaper.Collaborative Robots https://robotic-industries.com/mobile-robotics/amr-battery-charging-strategy/https://robotic-industries.com/mobile-robotics/amr-battery-charging-strategy/Three charging strategies for mobile robot fleets, with the availability arithmetic that decides between them and the lithium chemistry differences that change the answer.Mobile Robots https://robotic-industries.com/mobile-robotics/amr-fleet-size-calculation/https://robotic-industries.com/mobile-robotics/amr-fleet-size-calculation/A fleet sizing method that survives contact with reality: round-trip time, congestion loss, charging overhead, peak factor and the buffer that stops the whole thing failing on day one.Mobile Robots https://robotic-industries.com/mobile-robotics/amr-pick-cost-comparison/https://robotic-industries.com/mobile-robotics/amr-pick-cost-comparison/What a robotic pick actually costs against a manual one, with the labour, capital and maintenance terms laid out and the volume threshold where automation wins.Mobile Robots https://robotic-industries.com/mobile-robotics/amr-vs-agv-difference/https://robotic-industries.com/mobile-robotics/amr-vs-agv-difference/An AGV follows an installed guide path, an AMR plans its own route. That single difference decides installation cost, flexibility, throughput per vehicle and who owns the traffic problem.Mobile Robots https://robotic-industries.com/mobile-robotics/iso-3691-4-safety-requirements/https://robotic-industries.com/mobile-robotics/iso-3691-4-safety-requirements/The safety standard for AGVs and AMRs: protective fields, stopping performance, speed limits, manual control and the requirements integrators most often miss.Mobile Robots https://robotic-industries.com/mobile-robotics/mobile-manipulator-use-cases/https://robotic-industries.com/mobile-robotics/mobile-manipulator-use-cases/A mobile manipulator is an arm on a mobile base, and it only pays where the work is spread out and low volume. Here is the decision rule and the accuracy problem nobody mentions.Mobile Robots https://robotic-industries.com/mobile-robotics/outdoor-robot-localization-gps/https://robotic-industries.com/mobile-robotics/outdoor-robot-localization-gps/Standard GNSS gives 2 to 5 metres of error, RTK gives 1 to 2 centimetres until the correction drops, and neither works under a canopy. What outdoor robots actually use.Mobile Robots https://robotic-industries.com/mobile-robotics/sidewalk-delivery-robot-regulation/https://robotic-industries.com/mobile-robotics/sidewalk-delivery-robot-regulation/Pavement delivery robots are governed by local traffic law, not robotics standards. Here is how the main jurisdictions treat them and which rules decide a deployment.Mobile Robots https://robotic-industries.com/mobile-robotics/slam-navigation-methods-compared/https://robotic-industries.com/mobile-robotics/slam-navigation-methods-compared/Five ways a mobile robot knows where it is, compared on accuracy, installation cost, robustness to layout change and where each one silently fails.Mobile Robots https://robotic-industries.com/mobile-robotics/warehouse-robot-throughput-math/https://robotic-industries.com/mobile-robotics/warehouse-robot-throughput-math/How to calculate mobile robot throughput from travel distance, dwell time and congestion, with a worked example showing why the second robot never doubles the rate.Mobile Robots https://robotic-industries.com/humanoid-robots/bipedal-walking-control-explained/https://robotic-industries.com/humanoid-robots/bipedal-walking-control-explained/Balance control explained without the maths: what the zero moment point actually is, why capture point changed the field, and what model predictive control added on top.Humanoids and Legged Robots https://robotic-industries.com/humanoid-robots/humanoid-battery-runtime-limits/https://robotic-industries.com/humanoid-robots/humanoid-battery-runtime-limits/The energy arithmetic behind humanoid runtime: standing costs power, walking costs more, and a pack that would fix it weighs more than the robot can carry.Humanoids and Legged Robots https://robotic-industries.com/humanoid-robots/humanoid-legs-versus-wheels/https://robotic-industries.com/humanoid-robots/humanoid-legs-versus-wheels/Legs cost energy, complexity and safety margin. They earn their place only where stairs, thresholds or clutter cannot be removed, which is a narrower set of sites than it sounds.Humanoids and Legged Robots https://robotic-industries.com/humanoid-robots/humanoid-payload-versus-human/https://robotic-industries.com/humanoid-robots/humanoid-payload-versus-human/Published humanoid payloads of 16 to 25 kg look comparable to human limits, but the comparison collapses once posture, duration and repetition are included.Humanoids and Legged Robots https://robotic-industries.com/humanoid-robots/humanoid-robot-cost-breakdown/https://robotic-industries.com/humanoid-robots/humanoid-robot-cost-breakdown/Where the money goes in a humanoid: actuators dominate at 40 to 55 percent, hands are the most expensive part per kilogram, and the published prices span a factor of ten.Humanoids and Legged Robots https://robotic-industries.com/humanoid-robots/humanoid-robot-programs-compared/https://robotic-industries.com/humanoid-robots/humanoid-robot-programs-compared/Height, mass, payload, runtime and deployment status for the humanoid robots that actually exist, separated from the ones that only exist in launch videos.Humanoids and Legged Robots https://robotic-industries.com/humanoid-robots/humanoid-safety-standard-gap/https://robotic-industries.com/humanoid-robots/humanoid-safety-standard-gap/No published standard covers a free-walking humanoid working near people. Here is what the three adjacent standards do cover, and the route deployments are actually taking.Humanoids and Legged Robots https://robotic-industries.com/humanoid-robots/humanoid-teleoperation-data-collection/https://robotic-industries.com/humanoid-robots/humanoid-teleoperation-data-collection/Behind every humanoid demonstration is a human wearing a rig. Here are the capture methods, their data rates, their costs per hour and the retargeting problem nobody shows.Humanoids and Legged Robots https://robotic-industries.com/humanoid-robots/quadruped-vs-wheeled-inspection/https://robotic-industries.com/humanoid-robots/quadruped-vs-wheeled-inspection/A legged inspection robot costs three to six times a wheeled one and earns it only on stairs and grating. Here is the site survey that decides which you need.Humanoids and Legged Robots https://robotic-industries.com/humanoid-robots/robot-hand-degrees-freedom/https://robotic-industries.com/humanoid-robots/robot-hand-degrees-freedom/A two-finger gripper covers most industrial grasps. Beyond that, each added degree of freedom costs money and reliability, and the useful ceiling is lower than research hands suggest.Humanoids and Legged Robots